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Author Wainwright, Stephen A., 1931- author.
Title Mechanical design in organisms / S.A. Wainwright [and 3 others].
Publisher Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, [1982]
Copyright date ©1982


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Descript xii, 423 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
Content text txt
Media unmediated n
Carrier volume nc
Note Originally published: London : Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, 1976.
Contents Part I Materials 5 -- Chapter 2A Principles of the strength of materials: Phenomenological description 6 -- 2.2 Stress and Strain 7 -- 2.3 Linear Elasticity 8 -- 2.4 The Elastic Moduli 9 -- 2.5 Poisson's Ratio 11 -- 2.6 Elastic Resilience -- Stored Energy 12 -- 2.7 Elastic Stress Concentrations 15 -- 2.8 Fracture of Linearly Elastic Solids 18 -- 2.9 Summary of Properties of Linearly Elastic Solids 22 -- 2.10 Viscosity and Relaxation 23 -- 2.11 Linear Viscoelasticity 25 -- 2.12 Creep and Stress Relaxation 27 -- 2.13 Effect of Temperature 29 -- 2.14 The Glass Transition 30 -- 2.15 Dynamic Behaviour 31 -- 2.16 Viscoelastic Models 33 -- 2.17 Retardation and Relaxation Spectra 36 -- 2.18 Fracture of Viscoelastic Materials 39 -- 2.19 Generalization of the Griffith Theory of Fracture 41 -- 2.20 Summary of Properties of Viscoelastic Materials 43 -- Chapter 2B Principles of the strength of materials: Molecular interpretation 45 -- 2.22 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation 45 -- 2.23 Linear Elasticity 47 -- 2.24 The Structure of Polymers 50 -- 2.25 Statistics of a Polymer Chain 51 -- 2.26 Rubber Elasticity 54 -- 2.27 Molecular Interpretations of Rubbery Polymers 57 -- 2.28 Molecular Structure and the Master Curve 60 -- Chapter 3 Tensile materials 64 -- 3.1 Introduction to Crystalline Polymers 64 -- 3.1.1 Factors Affecting Crystallinity in Polymers 64 -- 3.1.2 The Structure of Polymer Crystals 67 -- 3.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers 71 -- 3.2 Silk 73 -- 3.2.1 The Structure of Parallel-[beta] Silks 73 -- 3.2.2 The Mechanical Properties of Silks 77 -- 3.2.3 Other Types of Silk 80 -- 3.3 Collagen 81 -- 3.3.1 The Structure of Collagen 82 -- 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibres 88 -- 3.4 Cellulose 94 -- 3.4.1 The Structure of Cellulose 95 -- 3.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibres 99 -- 3.5 Chitin 104 -- 3.5.1 The Structure of Chitin 105 -- 3.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Chitin Fibres 107 -- Chapter 4 Pliant materials 110 -- 4.2 The Protein Rubbers 110 -- 4.2.1 Resilin 111 -- 4.2.2 Abductin 114 -- 4.2.3 Elastin 116 -- 4.3 The Mucopolysaccharides 119 -- 4.4 Pliant Composites 123 -- 4.4.1 Fibre Patterns in Pliant Composites 124 -- 4.4.2 The Role of the Amorphous Phase 126 -- 4.5 Mesoglea 127 -- 4.6 Uterine Cervix 130 -- 4.7 Skin 132 -- 4.8 Arterial Wall 134 -- 4.9 Cartilage 138 -- 4.10 Mechanical Properties of Cartilage 141 -- Chapter 5 Rigid materials 144 -- 5.2 Limiting Behaviour of Composite Materials 144 -- 5.3 Elastic Fibres in a Matrix 147 -- 5.4 Discontinuous Fibres 149 -- 5.5 Effect of Fibre Orientation 150 -- 5.6 Compression of Composite Materials 153 -- 5.7 Fracture of Composite Materials 154 -- 5.8 Voids 157 -- 5.9 Structure of Arthropod Cuticle 159 -- 5.10 Mechanical Properties of Arthropod Cuticle 164 -- 5.11 Structure of Bone 169 -- 5.12 Mechanical Properties of Bone 174 -- 5.12.1 Main Features of Behaviour in Relation to Structure 175 -- 5.12.2 Anisotropic Behaviour of Bone 180 -- 5.12.3 Stress Concentrations in Bone 181 -- 5.12.4 The Effect of Mineralization on Bone 183 -- 5.12.5 Fatigue in Bone 184 -- 5.12.6 Adaptive Growth and Reconstruction in Bone 185 -- 5.13 Keratin 187 -- 5.14 Gorgonin and Antipathin 191 -- 5.15 Structure of the Plant Cell Wall 194 -- 5.15.1 Cell Wall Structure in Nitella 196 -- 5.15.2 The Tracheid 196 -- 5.16 Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls 198 -- 5.17 Structure of Wood 202 -- 5.18 Mechanical Properties of Wood 203 -- 5.19 Stony Materials 207 -- 5.19.1 Porifera 207 -- 5.19.2 Cnidaria 210 -- 5.19.3 Mollusca 211 -- 5.19.4 Brachiopoda 214 -- 5.19.5 Arthropoda 216 -- 5.19.6 Echinodermata 216 -- 5.19.7 Birds' Eggshells 218 -- 5.19.8 Spicules: Mechanical Considerations 219 -- 5.19.9 Teeth 221 -- 5.20 Mechanical Properties of Stony Materials 224 -- 5.20.1 Grain Size 225 -- 5.20.2 Porosity 227 -- 5.20.3 The Function of the Organic Matrix 229 -- 5.20.4 Stony Skeletons with Many Holes 233 -- 5.21 Rigid Skeletal Materials: some Final Remarks 234 -- Part II Structural Elements and Systems 241 -- Chapter 6 Elements of structural systems 243 -- 6.2 Bending 244 -- 6.3 Compression and Buckling 249 -- 6.4 Torsion 253 -- 6.5 Cross-Sectional Shape 254 -- 6.6 Shells 261 -- 6.7 Materials for Minimum Weight 264 -- 6.8 Principles of Structural Optimization 268 -- 6.9 The Failure of Elements (and Shells) 269 -- 6.10 Joints 275 -- 6.10.1 Degrees of Freedom 275 -- 6.10.2 Forces and Directions 277 -- 6.10.3 Flexible Joints 278 -- 6.10.4 Sliding Joints 279 -- 6.11 Adaptation of Shape 280 -- 6.12 Adaptation of Material 283 -- Chapter 7 Support in organisms 287 -- 7.1 Introduction to Rigid and Flexible Systems 287 -- 7.1.1 The Optimization of Space Frames 289 -- 7.1.2 Fibre-wound Cylinders as Reinforced Membrane Sytems 293 -- 7.2 Design Principles for Biological Structural Systems 297 -- 7.3 Real Organisms: An Overview 299 -- 7.3.1 Symmetry 299 -- 7.3.2 Reaction to Force 299 -- 7.4 Fluid Support Systems in Plants and Animals 302 -- 7.4.1 High-Pressure Worms 302 -- 7.4.2 Low-Pressure Worms 304 -- 7.5 Open, Extensible Cylinders: Sea Anemones 306 -- 7.5.1 Hydra and Other Polyps 308 -- 7.5.2 Medusae 310 -- 7.5.3 Tube Feet 313 -- 7.5.4 Metamerism 316 -- 7.6 On Being Surrounded by Air 318 -- 7.6.1 Wilting Plants 318 -- 7.6.2 Woody Plants 320 -- 7.6.3 Reaction Wood 321 -- 7.6.4 Fibre-reinforced Palm Trees 324 -- 7.7 The Hydrostatic Onychophora 325 -- 7.8 Jointed Frameworks of Solid Materials 327 -- 7.8.1 Running and Burrowing Myriapods 327 -- 7.8.2 Insects 332 -- 7.9 Complex Support Systems: Molluscs and Echinoderms 333 -- 7.10 Squid Locomotion 334 -- 7.11 Backbones 337 -- 7.12 Stressed Tissues 339 -- 7.13 Safety Factors 340 -- Part III Ecomechanics 345 -- Chapter 8 Ecological mechanics 347 -- 8.2 The Stressful Environment 348 -- 8.2.1 Adaptations to Gravity (Mass) 348 -- 8.2.2 Adaptations to Velocity of Flow (Strength and Rigidity) 349 -- 8.2.3 Rigid Stony Corals 349 -- 8.2.4 Compliant and Tensile Grasses, Seaweeds and Spider Webs 349 -- 8.2.5 Drag Control in Air: Trees 355 -- 8.2.6 Drag Control in Water: Passive Suspension Feeders 355 -- 8.2.7 Adaptations to Direction of Flow (Anisotropy) 358 -- 8.2.8 Adaptations to Duration and Frequency of Flow (Stress Rate and Fatigue) 364 -- 8.2.9 Meiofauna and the Stormy Interstices 364 -- 8.3 Active Suspension Feeders 365 -- 8.4 The Informative Environment 365 -- 8.4.1 Chemical Information 365 -- 8.4.2 Thermal Information 365 -- 8.4.3 Rheological Information 367 -- 8.5 The Next Few Years 367.
ISBN 9780691083087
0691083088
 Click on the terms below to find similar items in the catalogue
Author Wainwright, Stephen A., 1931- author.
Subject Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
Descript xii, 423 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
Content text txt
Media unmediated n
Carrier volume nc
Note Originally published: London : Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, 1976.
Contents Part I Materials 5 -- Chapter 2A Principles of the strength of materials: Phenomenological description 6 -- 2.2 Stress and Strain 7 -- 2.3 Linear Elasticity 8 -- 2.4 The Elastic Moduli 9 -- 2.5 Poisson's Ratio 11 -- 2.6 Elastic Resilience -- Stored Energy 12 -- 2.7 Elastic Stress Concentrations 15 -- 2.8 Fracture of Linearly Elastic Solids 18 -- 2.9 Summary of Properties of Linearly Elastic Solids 22 -- 2.10 Viscosity and Relaxation 23 -- 2.11 Linear Viscoelasticity 25 -- 2.12 Creep and Stress Relaxation 27 -- 2.13 Effect of Temperature 29 -- 2.14 The Glass Transition 30 -- 2.15 Dynamic Behaviour 31 -- 2.16 Viscoelastic Models 33 -- 2.17 Retardation and Relaxation Spectra 36 -- 2.18 Fracture of Viscoelastic Materials 39 -- 2.19 Generalization of the Griffith Theory of Fracture 41 -- 2.20 Summary of Properties of Viscoelastic Materials 43 -- Chapter 2B Principles of the strength of materials: Molecular interpretation 45 -- 2.22 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation 45 -- 2.23 Linear Elasticity 47 -- 2.24 The Structure of Polymers 50 -- 2.25 Statistics of a Polymer Chain 51 -- 2.26 Rubber Elasticity 54 -- 2.27 Molecular Interpretations of Rubbery Polymers 57 -- 2.28 Molecular Structure and the Master Curve 60 -- Chapter 3 Tensile materials 64 -- 3.1 Introduction to Crystalline Polymers 64 -- 3.1.1 Factors Affecting Crystallinity in Polymers 64 -- 3.1.2 The Structure of Polymer Crystals 67 -- 3.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers 71 -- 3.2 Silk 73 -- 3.2.1 The Structure of Parallel-[beta] Silks 73 -- 3.2.2 The Mechanical Properties of Silks 77 -- 3.2.3 Other Types of Silk 80 -- 3.3 Collagen 81 -- 3.3.1 The Structure of Collagen 82 -- 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibres 88 -- 3.4 Cellulose 94 -- 3.4.1 The Structure of Cellulose 95 -- 3.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibres 99 -- 3.5 Chitin 104 -- 3.5.1 The Structure of Chitin 105 -- 3.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Chitin Fibres 107 -- Chapter 4 Pliant materials 110 -- 4.2 The Protein Rubbers 110 -- 4.2.1 Resilin 111 -- 4.2.2 Abductin 114 -- 4.2.3 Elastin 116 -- 4.3 The Mucopolysaccharides 119 -- 4.4 Pliant Composites 123 -- 4.4.1 Fibre Patterns in Pliant Composites 124 -- 4.4.2 The Role of the Amorphous Phase 126 -- 4.5 Mesoglea 127 -- 4.6 Uterine Cervix 130 -- 4.7 Skin 132 -- 4.8 Arterial Wall 134 -- 4.9 Cartilage 138 -- 4.10 Mechanical Properties of Cartilage 141 -- Chapter 5 Rigid materials 144 -- 5.2 Limiting Behaviour of Composite Materials 144 -- 5.3 Elastic Fibres in a Matrix 147 -- 5.4 Discontinuous Fibres 149 -- 5.5 Effect of Fibre Orientation 150 -- 5.6 Compression of Composite Materials 153 -- 5.7 Fracture of Composite Materials 154 -- 5.8 Voids 157 -- 5.9 Structure of Arthropod Cuticle 159 -- 5.10 Mechanical Properties of Arthropod Cuticle 164 -- 5.11 Structure of Bone 169 -- 5.12 Mechanical Properties of Bone 174 -- 5.12.1 Main Features of Behaviour in Relation to Structure 175 -- 5.12.2 Anisotropic Behaviour of Bone 180 -- 5.12.3 Stress Concentrations in Bone 181 -- 5.12.4 The Effect of Mineralization on Bone 183 -- 5.12.5 Fatigue in Bone 184 -- 5.12.6 Adaptive Growth and Reconstruction in Bone 185 -- 5.13 Keratin 187 -- 5.14 Gorgonin and Antipathin 191 -- 5.15 Structure of the Plant Cell Wall 194 -- 5.15.1 Cell Wall Structure in Nitella 196 -- 5.15.2 The Tracheid 196 -- 5.16 Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls 198 -- 5.17 Structure of Wood 202 -- 5.18 Mechanical Properties of Wood 203 -- 5.19 Stony Materials 207 -- 5.19.1 Porifera 207 -- 5.19.2 Cnidaria 210 -- 5.19.3 Mollusca 211 -- 5.19.4 Brachiopoda 214 -- 5.19.5 Arthropoda 216 -- 5.19.6 Echinodermata 216 -- 5.19.7 Birds' Eggshells 218 -- 5.19.8 Spicules: Mechanical Considerations 219 -- 5.19.9 Teeth 221 -- 5.20 Mechanical Properties of Stony Materials 224 -- 5.20.1 Grain Size 225 -- 5.20.2 Porosity 227 -- 5.20.3 The Function of the Organic Matrix 229 -- 5.20.4 Stony Skeletons with Many Holes 233 -- 5.21 Rigid Skeletal Materials: some Final Remarks 234 -- Part II Structural Elements and Systems 241 -- Chapter 6 Elements of structural systems 243 -- 6.2 Bending 244 -- 6.3 Compression and Buckling 249 -- 6.4 Torsion 253 -- 6.5 Cross-Sectional Shape 254 -- 6.6 Shells 261 -- 6.7 Materials for Minimum Weight 264 -- 6.8 Principles of Structural Optimization 268 -- 6.9 The Failure of Elements (and Shells) 269 -- 6.10 Joints 275 -- 6.10.1 Degrees of Freedom 275 -- 6.10.2 Forces and Directions 277 -- 6.10.3 Flexible Joints 278 -- 6.10.4 Sliding Joints 279 -- 6.11 Adaptation of Shape 280 -- 6.12 Adaptation of Material 283 -- Chapter 7 Support in organisms 287 -- 7.1 Introduction to Rigid and Flexible Systems 287 -- 7.1.1 The Optimization of Space Frames 289 -- 7.1.2 Fibre-wound Cylinders as Reinforced Membrane Sytems 293 -- 7.2 Design Principles for Biological Structural Systems 297 -- 7.3 Real Organisms: An Overview 299 -- 7.3.1 Symmetry 299 -- 7.3.2 Reaction to Force 299 -- 7.4 Fluid Support Systems in Plants and Animals 302 -- 7.4.1 High-Pressure Worms 302 -- 7.4.2 Low-Pressure Worms 304 -- 7.5 Open, Extensible Cylinders: Sea Anemones 306 -- 7.5.1 Hydra and Other Polyps 308 -- 7.5.2 Medusae 310 -- 7.5.3 Tube Feet 313 -- 7.5.4 Metamerism 316 -- 7.6 On Being Surrounded by Air 318 -- 7.6.1 Wilting Plants 318 -- 7.6.2 Woody Plants 320 -- 7.6.3 Reaction Wood 321 -- 7.6.4 Fibre-reinforced Palm Trees 324 -- 7.7 The Hydrostatic Onychophora 325 -- 7.8 Jointed Frameworks of Solid Materials 327 -- 7.8.1 Running and Burrowing Myriapods 327 -- 7.8.2 Insects 332 -- 7.9 Complex Support Systems: Molluscs and Echinoderms 333 -- 7.10 Squid Locomotion 334 -- 7.11 Backbones 337 -- 7.12 Stressed Tissues 339 -- 7.13 Safety Factors 340 -- Part III Ecomechanics 345 -- Chapter 8 Ecological mechanics 347 -- 8.2 The Stressful Environment 348 -- 8.2.1 Adaptations to Gravity (Mass) 348 -- 8.2.2 Adaptations to Velocity of Flow (Strength and Rigidity) 349 -- 8.2.3 Rigid Stony Corals 349 -- 8.2.4 Compliant and Tensile Grasses, Seaweeds and Spider Webs 349 -- 8.2.5 Drag Control in Air: Trees 355 -- 8.2.6 Drag Control in Water: Passive Suspension Feeders 355 -- 8.2.7 Adaptations to Direction of Flow (Anisotropy) 358 -- 8.2.8 Adaptations to Duration and Frequency of Flow (Stress Rate and Fatigue) 364 -- 8.2.9 Meiofauna and the Stormy Interstices 364 -- 8.3 Active Suspension Feeders 365 -- 8.4 The Informative Environment 365 -- 8.4.1 Chemical Information 365 -- 8.4.2 Thermal Information 365 -- 8.4.3 Rheological Information 367 -- 8.5 The Next Few Years 367.
ISBN 9780691083087
0691083088
Author Wainwright, Stephen A., 1931- author.
Subject Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
LOCATION SHELVED AT LOAN TYPE STATUS
 BJL Reading Room 1st floor HDC  QP303 .M4  7 DAYS  AVAILABLE
1 copy being processed for BJL.

Subject Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
Biomechanics.
Strength of materials.
Descript xii, 423 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
Content text txt
Media unmediated n
Carrier volume nc
Note Originally published: London : Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, 1976.
Contents Part I Materials 5 -- Chapter 2A Principles of the strength of materials: Phenomenological description 6 -- 2.2 Stress and Strain 7 -- 2.3 Linear Elasticity 8 -- 2.4 The Elastic Moduli 9 -- 2.5 Poisson's Ratio 11 -- 2.6 Elastic Resilience -- Stored Energy 12 -- 2.7 Elastic Stress Concentrations 15 -- 2.8 Fracture of Linearly Elastic Solids 18 -- 2.9 Summary of Properties of Linearly Elastic Solids 22 -- 2.10 Viscosity and Relaxation 23 -- 2.11 Linear Viscoelasticity 25 -- 2.12 Creep and Stress Relaxation 27 -- 2.13 Effect of Temperature 29 -- 2.14 The Glass Transition 30 -- 2.15 Dynamic Behaviour 31 -- 2.16 Viscoelastic Models 33 -- 2.17 Retardation and Relaxation Spectra 36 -- 2.18 Fracture of Viscoelastic Materials 39 -- 2.19 Generalization of the Griffith Theory of Fracture 41 -- 2.20 Summary of Properties of Viscoelastic Materials 43 -- Chapter 2B Principles of the strength of materials: Molecular interpretation 45 -- 2.22 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation 45 -- 2.23 Linear Elasticity 47 -- 2.24 The Structure of Polymers 50 -- 2.25 Statistics of a Polymer Chain 51 -- 2.26 Rubber Elasticity 54 -- 2.27 Molecular Interpretations of Rubbery Polymers 57 -- 2.28 Molecular Structure and the Master Curve 60 -- Chapter 3 Tensile materials 64 -- 3.1 Introduction to Crystalline Polymers 64 -- 3.1.1 Factors Affecting Crystallinity in Polymers 64 -- 3.1.2 The Structure of Polymer Crystals 67 -- 3.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers 71 -- 3.2 Silk 73 -- 3.2.1 The Structure of Parallel-[beta] Silks 73 -- 3.2.2 The Mechanical Properties of Silks 77 -- 3.2.3 Other Types of Silk 80 -- 3.3 Collagen 81 -- 3.3.1 The Structure of Collagen 82 -- 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibres 88 -- 3.4 Cellulose 94 -- 3.4.1 The Structure of Cellulose 95 -- 3.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibres 99 -- 3.5 Chitin 104 -- 3.5.1 The Structure of Chitin 105 -- 3.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Chitin Fibres 107 -- Chapter 4 Pliant materials 110 -- 4.2 The Protein Rubbers 110 -- 4.2.1 Resilin 111 -- 4.2.2 Abductin 114 -- 4.2.3 Elastin 116 -- 4.3 The Mucopolysaccharides 119 -- 4.4 Pliant Composites 123 -- 4.4.1 Fibre Patterns in Pliant Composites 124 -- 4.4.2 The Role of the Amorphous Phase 126 -- 4.5 Mesoglea 127 -- 4.6 Uterine Cervix 130 -- 4.7 Skin 132 -- 4.8 Arterial Wall 134 -- 4.9 Cartilage 138 -- 4.10 Mechanical Properties of Cartilage 141 -- Chapter 5 Rigid materials 144 -- 5.2 Limiting Behaviour of Composite Materials 144 -- 5.3 Elastic Fibres in a Matrix 147 -- 5.4 Discontinuous Fibres 149 -- 5.5 Effect of Fibre Orientation 150 -- 5.6 Compression of Composite Materials 153 -- 5.7 Fracture of Composite Materials 154 -- 5.8 Voids 157 -- 5.9 Structure of Arthropod Cuticle 159 -- 5.10 Mechanical Properties of Arthropod Cuticle 164 -- 5.11 Structure of Bone 169 -- 5.12 Mechanical Properties of Bone 174 -- 5.12.1 Main Features of Behaviour in Relation to Structure 175 -- 5.12.2 Anisotropic Behaviour of Bone 180 -- 5.12.3 Stress Concentrations in Bone 181 -- 5.12.4 The Effect of Mineralization on Bone 183 -- 5.12.5 Fatigue in Bone 184 -- 5.12.6 Adaptive Growth and Reconstruction in Bone 185 -- 5.13 Keratin 187 -- 5.14 Gorgonin and Antipathin 191 -- 5.15 Structure of the Plant Cell Wall 194 -- 5.15.1 Cell Wall Structure in Nitella 196 -- 5.15.2 The Tracheid 196 -- 5.16 Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls 198 -- 5.17 Structure of Wood 202 -- 5.18 Mechanical Properties of Wood 203 -- 5.19 Stony Materials 207 -- 5.19.1 Porifera 207 -- 5.19.2 Cnidaria 210 -- 5.19.3 Mollusca 211 -- 5.19.4 Brachiopoda 214 -- 5.19.5 Arthropoda 216 -- 5.19.6 Echinodermata 216 -- 5.19.7 Birds' Eggshells 218 -- 5.19.8 Spicules: Mechanical Considerations 219 -- 5.19.9 Teeth 221 -- 5.20 Mechanical Properties of Stony Materials 224 -- 5.20.1 Grain Size 225 -- 5.20.2 Porosity 227 -- 5.20.3 The Function of the Organic Matrix 229 -- 5.20.4 Stony Skeletons with Many Holes 233 -- 5.21 Rigid Skeletal Materials: some Final Remarks 234 -- Part II Structural Elements and Systems 241 -- Chapter 6 Elements of structural systems 243 -- 6.2 Bending 244 -- 6.3 Compression and Buckling 249 -- 6.4 Torsion 253 -- 6.5 Cross-Sectional Shape 254 -- 6.6 Shells 261 -- 6.7 Materials for Minimum Weight 264 -- 6.8 Principles of Structural Optimization 268 -- 6.9 The Failure of Elements (and Shells) 269 -- 6.10 Joints 275 -- 6.10.1 Degrees of Freedom 275 -- 6.10.2 Forces and Directions 277 -- 6.10.3 Flexible Joints 278 -- 6.10.4 Sliding Joints 279 -- 6.11 Adaptation of Shape 280 -- 6.12 Adaptation of Material 283 -- Chapter 7 Support in organisms 287 -- 7.1 Introduction to Rigid and Flexible Systems 287 -- 7.1.1 The Optimization of Space Frames 289 -- 7.1.2 Fibre-wound Cylinders as Reinforced Membrane Sytems 293 -- 7.2 Design Principles for Biological Structural Systems 297 -- 7.3 Real Organisms: An Overview 299 -- 7.3.1 Symmetry 299 -- 7.3.2 Reaction to Force 299 -- 7.4 Fluid Support Systems in Plants and Animals 302 -- 7.4.1 High-Pressure Worms 302 -- 7.4.2 Low-Pressure Worms 304 -- 7.5 Open, Extensible Cylinders: Sea Anemones 306 -- 7.5.1 Hydra and Other Polyps 308 -- 7.5.2 Medusae 310 -- 7.5.3 Tube Feet 313 -- 7.5.4 Metamerism 316 -- 7.6 On Being Surrounded by Air 318 -- 7.6.1 Wilting Plants 318 -- 7.6.2 Woody Plants 320 -- 7.6.3 Reaction Wood 321 -- 7.6.4 Fibre-reinforced Palm Trees 324 -- 7.7 The Hydrostatic Onychophora 325 -- 7.8 Jointed Frameworks of Solid Materials 327 -- 7.8.1 Running and Burrowing Myriapods 327 -- 7.8.2 Insects 332 -- 7.9 Complex Support Systems: Molluscs and Echinoderms 333 -- 7.10 Squid Locomotion 334 -- 7.11 Backbones 337 -- 7.12 Stressed Tissues 339 -- 7.13 Safety Factors 340 -- Part III Ecomechanics 345 -- Chapter 8 Ecological mechanics 347 -- 8.2 The Stressful Environment 348 -- 8.2.1 Adaptations to Gravity (Mass) 348 -- 8.2.2 Adaptations to Velocity of Flow (Strength and Rigidity) 349 -- 8.2.3 Rigid Stony Corals 349 -- 8.2.4 Compliant and Tensile Grasses, Seaweeds and Spider Webs 349 -- 8.2.5 Drag Control in Air: Trees 355 -- 8.2.6 Drag Control in Water: Passive Suspension Feeders 355 -- 8.2.7 Adaptations to Direction of Flow (Anisotropy) 358 -- 8.2.8 Adaptations to Duration and Frequency of Flow (Stress Rate and Fatigue) 364 -- 8.2.9 Meiofauna and the Stormy Interstices 364 -- 8.3 Active Suspension Feeders 365 -- 8.4 The Informative Environment 365 -- 8.4.1 Chemical Information 365 -- 8.4.2 Thermal Information 365 -- 8.4.3 Rheological Information 367 -- 8.5 The Next Few Years 367.
ISBN 9780691083087
0691083088
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