| Descript |
1 online resource (507 pages) |
| Content |
text txt |
| Media |
computer c |
| Carrier |
online resource cr |
| Contents |
Front Cover -- Characterization of Polymers and Fibers -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Fibers and fiber-forming polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Market outline -- 1.2.1 The need for natural fibers -- 1.3 Essential requirements for fiber-forming polymeric materials -- 1.3.1 Molecular weight -- 1.3.2 Flexibility -- 1.3.3 Configuration -- 1.3.4 Crystallinity -- 1.3.5 Orientation -- 1.3.6 Flexibility of molecular chains in fiber-forming polymers -- 1.3.7 Linearity -- 1.3.7.1 Atactic polymer -- 1.3.7.2 The syndiotactic polymer -- 1.3.7.3 The isotactic polymer -- 1.3.8 Hydrophilic potential of fiber-forming polymers -- 1.3.9 Chemical resistance -- 1.4 Drying of fiber-forming polymers before spinning -- 1.4.1 Moisture absorption -- 1.5 Need for polyethylene terephthalate chip drying before melt-spinning -- 1.6 Moisture removal -- 1.6.1 Moisture removal by diffusion process -- 1.6.2 Moisture removal by dehumidifying dryer -- 1.6.2.1 Hopper -- 1.6.2.2 Drying assembly -- 1.6.3 Essential attributes for effective drying -- 1.6.4 Regeneration -- 1.7 Continuous online moisture estimation -- 1.8 Melt flow index -- 1.8.1 MFI tester -- 1.8.2 Laboratory melt flow indexer -- 1.8.3 Features of LMI-4000 series melt flow tester -- 1.8.4 Melt flow tester (Indexer) 2000 series -- 1.9 Factors affected by moisture content -- 1.9.1 Air dew point -- 1.9.2 RH% -- 1.9.3 Intrinsic viscosity -- 1.10 Heat exchanger maintenance -- 1.11 Process control in dryer and regeneration -- 1.12 Fiber properties as per specific requirements -- 1.12.1 Fiber properties for apparel/domestic requirements -- 1.12.2 Industrial requirements -- 1.13 Basic textile fiber properties -- 1.14 Origin of fiber-manufacturing concept -- 1.15 Classification of fiber-manufacturing techniques -- 1.16 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Fiber extrusion melt-spinning -- 2.1 Introduction. |
|
2.2 Extruder: single-screw extruder -- 2.2.1 Designing features of extruder -- 2.2.2 Various zones of single-screw extruder -- 2.2.3 Homogenization or mixing zone -- 2.3 Double-screw extruder -- 2.3.1 Various zones of a double-screw extruder -- 2.4 Spinning manifold -- 2.5 Spin pack -- 2.5.1 Pack life and reuse -- 2.5.2 Extended area screen packs -- 2.6 Static mixture -- 2.7 Metering pump -- 2.7.1 Zenith gear metering pumps -- 2.8 Polymer extrusion pump-II (PEP-II) series -- 2.9 Viscose metering gear pumps -- 2.10 Planetary pumps for fine denier melt fiber spinning -- 2.10.1 Pump selection -- 2.10.2 Pump mounting -- 2.11 Heat flow during melt-spinning -- 2.12 Spinning behavior of PET, PP, and Nylon 6 -- 2.13 Spinneret -- 2.13.1 Spinneret manufacturing -- 2.13.2 Current trends in spinneret manufacturing -- 2.13.3 Spinneret cleaning -- 2.13.4 Ultrasonic cleaning of spinning components -- 2.13.5 Roop telesonic spinneret cleaning system -- 2.14 Description -- 2.15 Spinneret cleaning instruments -- 2.16 Spinneret and spin pack cleaning -- 2.17 Spintrack spinneret inspection system -- 2.17.1 Other specific features of Spintrack -- 2.18 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Spin finish for natural and synthetic fibers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Requirements to formulate an effective spin finish -- 3.2.1 Antistatic properties -- 3.2.2 Lubrication -- 3.2.3 Wetting -- 3.2.4 Emulsification -- 3.2.5 Safety -- 3.2.6 Antimicrobial -- 3.2.7 Viscosity -- 3.3 Removal of spin finish -- 3.3.1 Thermal stability -- 3.3.2 Biodegradation -- 3.4 Characterization of spin finish on fiber surface -- 3.4.1 Time-domain NMR -- 3.4.2 Method -- 3.4.3 Calibration and results -- 3.4.3.1 External antistatic agents -- 3.4.3.2 Internal antistatic agents -- 3.4.3.3 Antistats -- 3.4.3.4 Diethanolamides -- 3.5 Influence on antistatic behavior -- 3.6 Testing of antistatic agents. |
|
3.7 Spin finish and friction -- 3.8 Stick-slip friction and velocity dependence -- 3.9 Spin finish application techniques -- 3.9.1 Regulated spin finish application technique -- 3.9.2 Dipping roller technique -- 3.9.3 Quench duct spin finish application technique -- 3.9.4 Spray spin finish technique -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Solution spinning: Dry spinning -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Difference between solution and melt spinning -- 4.3 Classification of solution spinning -- 4.4 Dope preparation -- 4.5 Wet spinning -- 4.5.1 Spinneret for solution spinning -- 4.5.2 Process control in wet spinning -- 4.5.3 Postcoagulation activities in wet spinning -- 4.5.4 Contribution to the fluid mechanics of viscose spinning -- 4.5.5 Latest achievements through wet spinning -- 4.6 Dry spinning -- 4.7 Alteration in the cross-sectional shape of fiber by dry spinning -- 4.8 Gel spinning -- 4.8.1 Liquid crystalline spinning -- 4.8.2 Phase separation spinning -- 4.8.2.1 Preconditioning of polymer dope for solution spinning -- 4.9 Solution blow spinning -- 4.10 Dry-jet wet spinning -- 4.10.1 Advances through dry-jet-wet spinning -- 4.11 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Regenerated fibers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viscose fiber-manufacturing -- 5.2.1 Steeping -- 5.2.1.1 Press weight ratio -- 5.2.2 Shredding -- 5.2.3 Aging -- 5.2.4 Xanthation -- 5.2.5 Dissolution -- 5.2.6 Filtration -- 5.2.7 Blending -- 5.2.8 Ripening -- 5.3 Viscose fiber-spinning -- 5.3.1 Zinc-free spinning bath -- 5.3.2 Zinc-based spinning bath -- 5.3.3 Spinning with modifiers -- 5.3.3.1 Types of modifiers -- 5.4 Applications of viscose fiber -- 5.5 Solvent used to dissolve wooden pulps -- 5.5.1 Organic solvent (direct solvent) -- 5.6 Modified high wet modulus yarns -- 5.7 Super high wet modulus rayon -- 5.8 Different types of rayons -- 5.9 Specialty rayons. |
|
5.9.1 Flame-retardant fibers -- 5.9.2 Super absorbent rayons -- 5.9.3 Microdenier fibers -- 5.9.4 Cross-section modification -- 5.9.5 Tencel rayon -- 5.9.6 Lyocell -- 5.10 Structure of rayon -- 5.11 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Fiber characterization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The conditions of temperature and humidity -- 6.3 Sample preparation -- 6.4 Fiber identification test -- 6.4.1 Nontechnical test -- 6.4.2 Microscope test -- 6.4.3 Longitudinal specimens -- 6.4.4 Chemical tests -- 6.4.4.1 Stain method -- 6.4.4.2 Solvent method -- 6.5 Actions against chemicals -- 6.5.1 Burning test of common textile fibers -- 6.6 Benefit of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) compared to a light microscope -- 6.7 X-ray microanalysis -- 6.8 Effect of spin finish applications -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Polymer and fiber characterization using X-ray diffraction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Crystalline structure -- 7.2.1 Crystal size -- 7.2.2 Bravais lattices -- 7.2.3 Cubic lattices -- 7.2.3.1 Simple cubic lattice -- 7.2.3.2 Body-centered cubic lattice -- 7.2.3.3 Face-centered cubic lattice -- 7.2.3.4 Diamond lattice -- 7.2.3.5 Zincblende lattice -- 7.3 Fiber-forming polymer crystallization -- 7.4 Foundations of fiber-forming polymer crystallization theories -- 7.5 Bragg's law of XRD -- 7.6 Selection rules and practical crystallography -- 7.7 X-ray sample preparation -- 7.8 Developments in XRD techniques -- 7.8.1 Strengths -- 7.8.2 Limitations -- 7.9 Fiber sample preparation for XRD -- 7.10 Applications of XRD -- 7.10.1 Online X-ray measurement of melt-spun fibers -- 7.10.2 Calculation of crystallinity through XRD -- 7.10.3 Crystalline orientation -- 7.10.4 Herman's orientation factor -- 7.11 XRD of most common natural and synthetic fibers -- 7.12 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Overall orientation of textile fibers by sonic modulus and birefringence. |
|
8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sonic modulus -- 8.3 Dependence of sonic velocity on orientation -- 8.4 Advantages of sonic modulus testing -- 8.5 Important remarks -- 8.6 Birefringence and refractive index of synthetic fibers -- 8.7 Polarization and birefringence -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 9 Thermal characterization of materials using differential scanning calorimeter -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition of DSC -- 9.3 Various types of DSCs -- 9.3.1 Heat-flux DSC -- 9.3.2 Power-compensated DSC -- 9.3.3 DSC theory -- 9.3.4 Difference between a heat-flow and a heat-flux DSC -- 9.3.5 Double-furnace DSC 8500 by Perkin Elmer -- 9.3.6 Double-furnace DSC by Hitachi -- 9.4 Components of a DSC -- 9.4.1 Sample preparation for DSC -- 9.4.2 Different handling types of samples -- 9.4.3 Sample weight and heating rate -- 9.4.4 Sealing the crucible -- 9.5 Characterization using DSC -- 9.5.1 Crystallinity measurement using DSC -- 9.5.2 Fundamentals of Cp -- 9.5.3 Glass transition temperature -- 9.5.4 Crystallization during melting -- 9.5.5 Two melting endotherm peaks -- 9.5.6 Effect of cooling rate on crystallinity -- 9.5.7 Crystalline structure -- 9.5.8 Polymer blend identification -- 9.6 High-sensitivity characterization of transparency films -- 9.7 DSC applications in biological sciences -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 10 Thermogravimetric analyzer -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Instrumentation and operating principles -- 10.3 Balance features and benefits -- 10.4 Basic features of TGA machine -- 10.5 Thermal stability of textile composite material using TGA -- 10.6 Applications of TGA analysis -- 10.7 Sample-controlled thermogravimetric analysis -- 10.8 Lifetime prediction and degradation kinetics -- 10.9 TGA study of modified nylon 66 -- 10.10 High-pressure TGA working. |
|
10.11 TGA 2950 thermogravimetric analyzer by TA Instruments. |
| Alt author |
Singh, Annika.
|
| ISBN |
9780128242391 (electronic bk.) |
|
